Diseño de controlador MIDI con comunicación Bluetooth en microcontrolador MSP430

El protocolo MIDI surge a principios de la década de los ochenta ante la necesidad de desarrollar un estándar de audio digital que simplificara el trabajo con numerosos instrumentos electrónicos, estableciendo un canal de comunicación entre los mismos. Para ello, el protocolo se basa en el envío de una serie de mensajes de evento y diversos parámetros de control que permiten la generación de sonidos y el ajuste de estos parámetros. [1] Pese al paso de los años, el estándar MIDI sigue plenamente vigente en la actualidad gracias a su sencillez y a la flexibilidad que otorga la posibilidad de interconectar instrumentos y controladores independientemente del fabricante. Estas características, así como el pequeño tamaño de los archivos MIDI en comparación a un archivo de audio muestreado, han permitido también, la expansión de este protocolo más allá de los estudios de grabación profesionales. Por estos motivos, se justifica el desarrollo del presente proyecto mediante el cual se abordará el diseño de un controlador MIDI que permita controlar remotamente diversos parámetros de un instrumento o sintetizador MIDI. Nos basaremos en el sistema microcontrolador de Texas Instruments MSP430G2553 tanto para el emisor de los comandos como para el receptor. Para establecer la comunicación remota se harán uso de sendos módulos Bluetooth que permitan el paso de mensajes a distancia. Para la interfaz de control, se hará uso de una pantalla táctil resistiva que se conecta al microcontrolador emisor y a través de la cual se podrán manipular los diversos comandos para los distintos canales disponibles.The MIDI protocol was created in the early eighties in order to develop a new digital audio standard that simplified the use of several electronical instruments at the same time, by establishing a communication channel between these devices. To accomplish this goal, the protocol is based in the transmission of event messages and control parameters that are capable of generating sounds and adjust de value of these parameters. Despite the passing years, the MIDI standard is still vastly used due to its simplicity and its flexibility, allowing the interconnection of many instruments and controllers regardless of the manufacturer. These features, along with the small size of MIDI files, compared to a sampled audio file, are the cause to the great extension of MIDI devices beyond professional recording studios. All these reasons justify the development of a wireless MIDI controller that allows the user to remotely modify certain parameters of a MIDI synthesizer. The project will be based in the Texas Instruments MSP430G2553 microcontrollers, for both the emitter and the receiver. To establish a wireless communication, two Bluetooth modules will be used. The control interface will be implemented with a resistive touchscreen that is connected to the emmiter microcontroller and will allow the user to change the value of the different parameters for the available channels.Universidad de Sevilla. Grado en Ingeniería de Tecnologías Industriale

Desarrollo en plataforma FPSoC de estrategias FCS-MPC para el control de convertidores de potencia

La tendencia en la sociedad actual es la de un aumento persistente en la demanda de energía eléctrica, dentro de unos parámetros de calidad que las distintas normativas tienden a hacer cada vez más exigentes. Este hecho ha provocado una incesante búsqueda tecnológica de sistemas de producción energética que cada vez sean más eficientes y sostenibles. En particular, el desarrollo de la electrónica de potencia ha sido crucial y ha protagonizado muchas de las mejoras tecnológicas en este ámbito, especialmente con la progresiva integración de las fuentes de energía renovable en la red eléctrica. Entre las numerosas líneas de investigación abiertas en este campo actualmente, se encuentran la adaptación de estrategias de control cada vez más avanzadas y complejas que procuren mejores resultados, o la transición de la tecnología del Silicio (Si) a otras tecnologías de semiconductores más recientes, como las de "Wide Bandgap". Uno de los principales lastres a la hora de permitir una adopción más rápida de todas estas tecnologías es el notable incremento que precisan en la capacidad de cálculo de la plataforma de control hardware que gestiona el sistema. Es precisamente esta problemática la que se pretende abordar en este Trabajo Fin de Máster, mediante la implementación del control de un convertidor de potencia en una plataforma FPSoC ("Field Programmable System on Chip"). Básicamente, este tipo de plataformas se tratan de SoCs donde se combina la presencia de procesadores hardware con tejido FPGA, lo cual dota a estas plataformas de una flexibilidad y capacidades de cálculo extraordinarias. Para ello, se tomará como ejemplo de aplicación una estrategia de control de tipo FCS-MPC ("Finite Control Set - Model Predictive Control") para la regulación de las corrientes que un inversor trifásico de dos niveles proporciona a una carga trifásica. En particular, el desarrollo de este trabajo se centrará en el codiseño HW/SW de una arquitectura eficiente para la plataforma "All Programmable Soc" Zynq-7000 de Xilinx, que ofrece la posibilidad de combinar la capacidad de procesamiento de dos núcleos ARM y de una FPGA Artix-7. Como se desarrollará en el resto del documento, la arquitectura propuesta para este Trabajo Fin de Máster combinará la ejecución de un sistema operativo embebido en uno de los núcleos, para aprovechar las soluciones de alto nivel que un OS puede ofrecer, con la ejecución de las tareas más críticas del control mediante aplicaciones "baremetal" en el segundo núcleo. Esto elimina la incertidumbre que un sistema operativo puede introducir en tareas software que se tienen que ejecutar en tiempo real. Al mismo tiempo, esta arquitectura hará uso de la FPGA para el grueso de los cálculos del algoritmo de control, explotando las grandes capacidades de cálculo en paralelo propio de este tipo de plataformas, y aprovechando al máximo los recursos del sistema. Además, el estudio de la implementación propuesta incluirá una disquisición sobre posibles alternativas de diseño en la parte FPGA y sus efectos en la velocidad de cálculo y la ocupación de área y recursos en la misma. En resumen, el objetivo principal de este Trabajo Fin de Máster será dejar patente la viabilidad de este tipo de plataformas FPSoC para protagonizar el control de un convertidor de potencia, pudiendo convertirse en catalizadoras para la adopción de técnicas de control más ambiciosas y complejas, así como nuevas tecnologías de semiconductores, al permitir tiempos de ejecución muy reducidos. Se realizará una descripción detallada de todas las soluciones adoptadas desde la fase de diseño hasta la puesta en marcha de los equipos, que permita establecer una base de cara a futuros trabajos y a la extensión de este tipo de plataformas en este ámbito.The demand of electric energy in nowadays society is constantly increasing, while the power delivery quality restrictions also become stricter. These facts are the main cause for the never ending search of new energy generation systems and methods with increasing efficiency and sustainability. Particularly, the development of Power Electronics has been a crucial fact to understand all the successful technological advances in this field, specially with the progressive renewable energy grid integration. Among all the ongoing researching efforts, new and more complex control strategies are being proposed in order to improve the quality of the obtained results. Besides, the appearance of "Wide Bandgap" semiconductors based on materials like Silicon Carbide (SiC) or Gallium Nitride (GaN) are allowing the transition from Siliconbased semiconductors with promising results. Nonetheless, the computational burden that the introduction of these new technologies represent is hampering their adoption as industry standards. Proposing a solution to this problem is precisely the aim of this work, with the implementation of the control of a power converter in a FPSoC ("Field Programmable System on Chip") platform. Basically, these kind of platforms combine the calculation power of FPGA fabric with the high level solutions of hard processing systems. As a particular example, a Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control strategy for the current reference tracking of a two-level three-phase power converter is chosen for this implementation. More specifically, an efficient HW/SW architecture is designed for the Zynq-7000 "All programmable SoC" by Xilinx. In short, this platform is composed of two ARM hard cores and an Artix-7 FPGA. As it will be described in this work, the proposed architecture will take advantage of the high level solutions provided by an embedded operating system, running in one of the cores. The other core will run a "baremetal" application to address critical tasks that require real time execution. Also, the FPGA will be used for the most complex calculations in the control algorithm in order to fully harness its great computational capabilities and fully exploit all the resources in the system. In addition, different alternatives for the FPGA implementation will be analysed and discussed when it comes to the speed-area trade-off. In summary, the main goal of this work is to demonstrate the viability of FPSoC platforms to implement the control of a power converter, acting as catalysts for the adoption of new complex control algorithms and fast-switching semiconductor technologies with its reduced execution times. Also, a detailed description of all the solutions adopted in this work will be offered, with the goal of establishing a base for future works with these platforms.Universidad de Sevilla. Máster en Ingeniería Industria

Efficient FPSoC Prototyping of FCS-MPC for Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters

This work describes an efficient implementation in terms of computation time and resource usage in a Field-Programmable System-On-Chip (FPSoC) of a Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control (FCS-MPC) algorithm. As an example, the FCS-MPC implementation is used for the current reference tracking of a two-level three-phase power converter. The proposed solution is an enabler for using both complex control algorithms and digital controllers for high switching frequency semiconductor technologies. An original HW/SW (hardware and software) system architecture for an FPSoC is designed to take advantage of a modern operating system, while removing time uncertainty in real-time software tasks, and exploiting dedicated FPGA fabric for the most complex computations. In addition, two different architectures for the FPGA-implemented functionality are proposed and compared in order to study the area-speed trade-off. Experimental results show the feasibility of the proposed implementation, which achieves a speed hundreds of times faster than the conventional Digital Signal Processor (DSP)-based control platform.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad TEC2016-78430-RFondo Nacional de Investigación de Qatar NPRP 9-310-2-13

Real-Time Selective Harmonic Mitigation Technique for Power Converters Based on the Exchange Market Algorithm

Hand-in-hand with the smart-grid paradigm development, power converters used in high-power applications are facing important challenges related to efficiency and power quality. To overcome these issues, the pre-programmed Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) methods have been extensively applied to reduce the harmonic distortion with very low power switching losses for high-power converters. Among the pre-programmed PWM techniques, Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE) has been the prevailing solution, but recently, Selective Harmonic Mitigation (SHM) stands as a superior alternative to provide further control of the harmonic spectrum with similar losses. However, the large computational burden required by the SHM method to find a solution confines it as an off-line application, where the switching set valid solutions are pre-computed and stored in a memory. In this paper, for the first time, a real-time implementation of SHM using an off-the-shelf mid-range microcontroller is presented and tested. The Exchange Market Algorithm (EMA), initially focused on optimizing financial transactions, is considered and executed to achieve the SHM targets. The performance of the EMA-based SHM is presented showing experimental results considering a reduced number of switching angles applied to a specific three-level converter, but the method can be extrapolated to any other three-level converter topology.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España TEC2016-78430-RJunta de Andalucía P18-RT-1340Fondo Nacional de Investigación de Qatar NPRP 9-310-2-13

Long Prediction Horizon FCS-MPC for Power Converters and Drives

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) is a salient control method for power conversion systems that has recently enjoyed remarkable popularity. Several studies highlight the performance benefits that long prediction horizons achieve in terms of closed-loop stability, harmonic distortions, and switching losses. However, the practical implementation is not straightforward due to its inherently high computational burden. To overcome this obstacle, the control problem can be formulated as an integer least-squares optimization problem, which is equivalent to the closest point search or closest vector problem in lattices. Different techniques have been proposed in the literature to solve it, with the sphere decoding algorithm (SDA) standing out as the most popular choice to address the long prediction horizon FCS-MPC. However, the state of the art in this field offers solutions beyond the conventional SDA that will be described in this article alongside future trends and challenges in the topic

The Influence of MPPT Algorithms in the Lifespan of the Capacitor Across the PV Array

PV systems efficiency highly depends on the MPPT strategy to be implemented in the PV converter. Many MPPT methods on the literature are focused on improving the steady state and transient system performance extracting the maximum energy from the sun. In this paper, the impact of the MPPT methods in the PV converter is analyzed focusing the study on the capacitor across the PV array lifespan. The obtained results demonstrate that the low frequency PV voltage oscillations that are present in many MPPT methods have a large negative impact on this capacitor lifespan. Experimental and simulation results are presented in order to show that advanced MPPT methods, which avoid these low frequency oscillations, achieve higher capacitor lifespan values compared with the values obtained by applying well-known MPPT methods such as the perturb and observe or incremental conductance strategie